World Systems Theory By Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein

In the perspective of world-systems theory, the United States is considered a core country, whereas the global South (Africa, Latin America, and evolving Asia including the Middle East) contains a multitude of peripheral countries. With such extensive poverty impeding the progress of countries within the global South, it is possible that the United States can provide effective assistance. However, an explanation must be presented to express how these core countries and peripheral countries become just that, in order to determine how they can change their status. This paper intends to address how countries grow, how the US can aid the global South in the struggle of poverty, and the possibility of altering trade policies to eventually†¦show more content†¦When it comes to sovereignty, there are two types: internal and external. Internal sovereignty occurs within your borders, whilst external sovereignty is when other countries recognize this total autonomous power that has ac cumulated. Wallerstein agreed with the concept of less borders and more commonalities. He theorized that the core and the periphery should think and act more as a whole rather than different parts, as those parts affect the outcome of the same machine. Therefore, it would stand to reason that if the United States were to assist the global South in reducing poverty, that it would actually be beneficial for the system as a whole. US aid: In the current world-economy, core countries such as the US go through increases in wages, employment, and general prosperity. However, when this phase comes to an end, it is the peripheral countries that bear the burden. (Wallerstein, 30) For example, let’s say that the US produces a product. The production of this good does quite well, until there is a tipping point, otherwise known as an ‘overproduction’. The product is manufactured at such a high rate that it surpasses the actual demand for said good. Due to the surplus, the prices become more competitive and continue to decline, which means that there is less of a profit. So, core countries then outsource their production processes toShow MoreRelatedWorld System Theory : Immanuel Wallerstein980 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Wallerstein (1930-) is a famous American historian, sociologist, and political scientist. His radicalism and his bold and pragmatic critique of capitalism have made him become the representative in social sciences field. (Wang Zhengyi. 2000) Owing to the obvious origins of his writing and Marxist theory, and the continuation of a large number of terms in Marxism, such as capital, relations of production, and class, Wallerstein is also regarded as the representative of the new Marxist schoolRead MoreImmanuel Wallersteins World Systems Theory1893 Words   |  8 PagesTwo theories of Globalisation that explain it relatively effectively are Immanuel Wallerstein s World-Systems theory and John W. Meyer s World Polity Theory. Contrary to the tendency of classical sociologists to focus on society within the nation-state, World-systems theory portrays nation-states as units within the larger world system. Wallerstein described the â€Å"world System† as an international class system based on countries as units instead of individual people. He thought there are three mainRead MoreAnalysis of Religion and Globalization by Peter Beyer Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesimplications of theories of global change for the study of religion generally and, through a series of case studies, applications of those theories to specific religious movements. In particular, Beyer is interested in the seeming contradiction of the persistence of conflict between social units within a globalizing world that is more and more becoming a single place. 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The bar code on the arm of a human being is degrading and shocking, butRead MoreConstructivism, Symbolic Interactionism And Social Conflict Theory1509 Words   |  7 PagesSuch theoretical approaches of functionalism, symbolic interactionism and social conflict theory allow us to critically analyse and discuss the importance of globalisation, giving deeper insight into this social phenomenon. Globalisation according to Giddens is the intensification of worldwide social relations which distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by an event occurring many miles away and vice versa (1990, p.64). Due to the advancement in technology, g lobalisationRead MoreNeorealist and Neo-Marxist Approaches to Globalization2148 Words   |  9 Pagesanarchical international system. Waltz’s Theory of international Politics (1979) seeks to provide a scientific explanation of the international political system. A scientific theory of international relations leads us to expect the certain pattern that states to behave in predictable ways. In Waltz’s view the best IR theory is a neo-realist systems theory that focuses centrally on the structure of the system, on its interacting units, and on the continuities and changes of the system. In classical realismRead MoreSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 Pagesout to be subordinate to a boss who belongs to a socially inferior group.    If individuals learn to recognize that which is not so obvious when they face drastic social transformations, we can assert that it is also under such conditions that sociologists further their knowledge of society and its regularities. It is thus not surprising that the scientific study of society was born in the midst of the most drastic transformations ever experienced by humankind, the 19th Century passage from a socialRead MoreSociology and Social Change6058 Words   |  25 Pagesout to be subordinate to a boss who belongs to a socially inferior group.    If individuals learn to recognize that which is not so obvious when they face drastic social transformations, we can assert that it is also under such conditions that sociologists further their knowledge of society and its regularities. It is thus not surprising that the scientific study of society was born in the midst of the most drastic transformations ever experienced by humankind, the 19th Century passage from a socialRead MoreEssay on Colonial Oppression of Women1123 Words   |  5 Pageschallenging discourses. The present day world with the constant cultural encounters and clashes as well as the ideas regarding pluralism and multiculturalism motivates a curiosity on the part of the onlooker to search the answer to the question who is who in todays world when there is a continuous struggle between different countries not only politically and militarily but also culturally. In this situation the division of the world to First, Second and Third World countries also provides the opportunityRead MoreThe Origin of Social Stratification5566 Words   |  23 Pagesdoctrines. ORIGINS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION In early societies, people shared a common social standing. As societies evolved and became more complex, they began to elevate  some members. Today, stratification, a system by which society ranks its members in a hierarchy, is the norm throughout the world. All societies stratify their members. A stratified society is one in which there is an unequal distribution of society’s rewards and in which people are arranged hierarchically into layers according to how

Sociological Viewpoint of Deviance Essay - 2108 Words

Sociological Viewpoint of Deviance Deviance is a wide-ranging term used by sociologists to refer to behaviour that varies, in some way, from a social norm. In this respect, it is evident that the concept of deviance refers to some form of rule-breaking behaviour. In relation to deviance, therefore, the concept relates to all forms of rule-breaking whether this involves such things as murder, theft or arson - the breaking of formal social rules - or such things as wearing inappropriate clothing for a given social situation, failing to produce homework at school or the breaking of relatively informal social rules. In practice, the study of deviance is usually limited to deviance that results in†¦show more content†¦Individuals, who anticipate necessary adjustments of social morality to changing conditions, may be stigmatised as criminals at first. Crime is the precondition and the proof of a societys capacity for flexibility in the face of essential change. In Some societies, the crime rate may become pathol ogical and as such, this indicates a society that is sick, which means that it is suffering from social disorganisation. Durkheim does not, however, provide any indication of what a normal crime rate might be, or how it could be calculated. (Giddens (2001), p. 200) Durkheim also ignores conflicts about morality within a society, which is the stock in trade of the labelling theorist. Equally important, Durkheim, while accepting the relative nature of crime, also seems to think that some acts seem constant, in terms of being defined as criminal, in all societies. That is, he recognises a minimum content of natural law. Finally, Durkheim, while regarding a certain rate of crime as a normal inescapable feature of society, also was aware that particular societies might be in a pathological condition, which generates excessive deviance. This leads into the area of anomie and the work of Robert Merton. (Giddens (2001), p. 203) Robert Merton argues that both human goals and constraints on behaviour are socially based (we learn them), andShow MoreRelatedSociology: Value Conflict1346 Words   |  6 Pagestheir deviance for granted, as one cannot assume that these people have actually committed a deviant act or broken some rule, because the process of labeling theory may not be infallible. In other words, to be deviant behavior deviant does not necessarily mean that the individual is, or has been deviant in the past. In addition, Kai T. Erikson (2005) also highlights the way social reaction affects the deviant individual. He reinforces what Becker had previously suggested saying that deviance is notRead MoreSociological Theory Of Labelization967 Words   |  4 Pageshas been an evident stimulator in life, causing no surprise that labeling is the most influential motivator in human behavior. 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A person can gain this deviant behavior by physical or behavioral traits, thus acquiring a negative or positive social stigma. The term stigma is used to categorize the labels a society usesRead MoreEssay Deviance is Relative1566 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Deviance is Relative† is a controversial topic that has caused intrigued sociologists to have debates in order to come to a conclusion. Because there is no absolute standard application towards deviating behavior, we can only gain knowledge through practical implications, main ideas, and concepts processes. Practical Implications of â€Å"Deviance is Relative† There is no absolute way of defining deviating acts. Deviance can only be defined in a relation to certain norms, but no standards are permanentRead MoreSociological Theory Of The Television982 Words   |  4 PagesDeviance is a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (Ferris Stein 154). The television Jane The Virgin embodies this sociological theory and is intended for an audience of young and older adults. Types of deviance that is featured is that Jane Villanueva who has hopes of being a teacher and author goes to the doctors for a routine physical examination. However, while there she accidentally gets artificially inseminated. The intendedRead MoreHotel Rwanda vs. Erin Brockovich1660 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar end with the endangerment of thousands of people. We will examine how these deviant decisions affect both their societies and the reasons behind these atrocious acts. Hotel Rwanda is a very graphic film filled with a tremendous amount of deviance and social problems. The Hutu tribe feels that the Tutsi should not be in power and the Hutu extremists try to overtake their position. 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Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the ability to remove oneself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conflict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal perspective that affects our judgments, opinions and actions to a situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us an unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing past prejudices and mores

Ecological Problems Free Essays

In our lessons we amused about Earth, environment and many environmental problems (  global warming, ozone houl, waste production, etc. ). Nevertheless some of big environmental problems we are omited. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecological Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would like describe this phenomenons in this work. First problem is deforestation of Amazon rainforest and second is poluting of seas and oceans. At the end of this work I would like write somethink about The Czech Republic and problems what we have here. AMAZON FOREST This forest is very importatnt for the future of the world. This area contains one third of the world? s trees. However, the trees are disappearing. This is causing changes in the climate – In Peru there is less snow In Bolivia there is less rain and more wind. Why are the Amazon forests being cut? People need the land ,people have money from the trees,people built roads and Brazil owes money to internacional organization and they cut trees and they pay back debt. What will happen if more of the Amazon forest cut down? There will be serious effects on the world? s climate. The air that we breathe will lose some of it? s oxygen. It means that in the air will be more carbon dioxide. It will become difficult- perhaps even impossible – to breathe! With more carbon dioxide in the air -the temperature will rise, the ice -capsat the North and South Poles will melt, the sea level will rise, and hundreds of coastal cities will flood. OCEAN Seas and oceans are very important for human life. There live many kinds of animals for example whales dolphins, sharks, fishes etc†¦ Sea? s fish are very important because they are important part of human food. The most fish consume China, Russia and Japanesse. Very important is water from the sea. This water contains mineralsand for example our is from this water. In the bottom under the land there is crude oil and gus. But people are very inconsiderate and they cause that our seas are polutted in this time saes and oceands are our big garbage dump. We should ask if we will continue what we will do in the future? CZECH REPUBLIC Also Czech Republic has its own problems. Probably the worst problem is air pollution. People burn brown coal which is the dirtiest kind. Factories fill the air with smelly and dangerous smoke. In winter the air is unpleasant In parts of country especially in Northern Bohemia, Prague and around Ostrava people have many health problems. Another big problem is the destruction of nature. Industry and ever-increasing population destroying many forests. This problem is called deforestation. People always need more space, factories, paper, wood. In the past twenty years people dosroyed many beautiful old forests in Moravia and Bohemia. But people establish CH KO – Landscape protected area here live many endangered species and you can find here many interesting plants. In LPA people can’t make a noise ,faire,drop a litter go out from signated paths†¦ How to cite Ecological Problems, Essay examples

Professional Research and Communication Survey Process

Question: Discuss about Professional Research and Communication for Survey Process. Answer: Likert scale is a psychometric scale using to accumulate responses in the survey process. The Likert scale facilitates to execute the sum of all Likert items (Wakita, Ueshima Noguchi, 2012). In the particular survey process, total 100 responses have been selected for accumulating responses on the topic. In this context, the survey questionnaire includes the option like below: 1: The staff member appears knowledgeable regarding the stores product. Likert Items Responses (%) Total number of respondents Number of Responses 1- Strongly Disagree 10 100 10 2- Disagree 25 100 25 3- Unsure 17 100 17 4-Agree 32 100 32 5-Strongly agree 16 100 16 Table 1 By analyzing the above table, it can be assessed that the particular arrangement of the Likert items is wrong. Consequently, it is unable to provide the valid calculation. The summary of the collected data does not indicate a valid way of calculation. The Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling, which facilitates to measure either positive or negative responses of the respondents (Boone Boone, 2012). In this particular survey question, the arrangement of the Likert scale needs to be following manner: Likert Items Total Number of respondents Number of Responses Responses (%) 1- Strongly agree 100 16 16 2- Agree 100 32 32 3- Unsure 100 17 17 4- Disagree 100 25 25 5-Strongly disagree 100 10 10 Table 2 For accumulating the information from the positive type of question, the surveyor needs to arrange the options from positive to negative. Consequently, it would facilitate in providing valid data and information on the topic (Hair et al., 2016). For example, by calculating the responses from the table 1, we get the 3.19 as an average score. On the contrary, by calculating the responses from table 2, we get 2.81 as an average score. Calculation from Table 1: (10+50+51+128+80)/100=3.19 Calculation from Table 2: (16+64+51+100+50)/100=2.81 2: In the survey process, there are several techniques to accumulate the data from the respondents. Most o the time, the respondents is not aware of the products or the services (Mackey Gass, 2015). Consequently, they randomly provide feedbacks to the survey questions. It decreases the data reliability. Hence, the interested customers can obtain the knowledge on the products or services before participating in the survey process. For example, if a customer wants to provide feedback on the particular product without having knowledge, he might not be able to deliver the accurate information on the topic. Hence, the organization or the surveyor can involve those customers, who have adequate knowledge of the product and services. On the contrary, it is not possible for the surveyor for engaging a huge number of respondents, who have adequate knowledge of the particular product or services (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Hence, it can be assessed that the random selection of the respondent s would facilitate the surveyor for conducting a large assessment process. Sometimes, large organizations conduct a survey on the online platform for accumulating a huge amount of data on the research topic. However, some organizations believe that the survey process must involve the interested customers having adequate knowledge on the topic. It facilitates in obtaining the valid and reliable data on the research topic. On the contrary, it has been seen that the customers, who have the product knowledge, provide a biased answer to the surveyor. Generally, in the survey process, they show their liability on the particular brand. Consequently, it decreases the data validity and reliability (Panneerselvam, 2014). Hence, it can be assessed that the new survey techniques need to utilize for obtaining accurate information on the research topic. In recent years, an online survey has been increasingly popular due its easy accessible nature. On the other hand, it facilitates to conduct the survey process in both domestic and international platform. 3: There are four types of the quantitative data including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio (Treiman, 2014). The first survey question indicates the subtype nominal measurement scale, as it does not include the numerical significance. The sub-type of the nominal scale includes the two categories. For example, the demographic question on the gender includes two options such as male and female. Hence, it indicates the nominal scale. The nominal subtype scale is often called the dichotomous. The Fahrenheit thermometer is related to the interval scale, as the difference between each degree is known. In the interval scale, we know the numeric order along with its exact differences between values. Kelvin thermometer is also related with the interval scale. In the Kelvin thermometer, the exact difference between each degree is measurable. The fourth question is related to the numeric value, which can be related with the ratio scale. In the ratio scale, a wide range of the interferential and descriptive data can be applied. The particular question would consist of the numeric option. Moreover, the option can be started from the Zero. Hence, it can be assessed that the particular question is related to the ration scale (Zhu, 2014). The bank account balances can be related to the ratio scale, as the ratio between the both accounts can be evaluated. Moreover, it also can be absolute zero. The ratio analysis suggests the possibilities for conducting the statistical analysis (Grbich, 2012). On the other hand, these variables can be subtracted, added, multiplied and divided. 4: Descriptive non-experimental study: In the non-experimental research design, no external variable are introduced (Gelman et al., 2014). In this particular design, the variables are not manipulated or controlled in a systematic manner. In this scenario, drinking the orange juice three times per day would facilitate the players in performing in the better manner. In the non-experimental study, no values are included. Hence, it can be assessed that the hypothesis testing may not provide the proper outcome in the non-experimental study. On the contrary, the research situation does not allow conducting the research or experiment in an effectual manner (Creswell, 2013). However, in this scenario, the non-experimental study should not be followed. It should be evaluated whether the players can perform in a better manner after having the orange juice or not. Consequently, the descriptive design would not be applicable for this particular research. Quasi-experimental study The quasi-experimental design is one of the important parts of the research, as it facilitates in evaluating the proper analysis of the research. However, the particular research design does not include key ingredients of the research. The quasi-experiment research is feasible, as it does not include the time and logistical barriers (Ioannidis et al., 2014). However, the particular research design is based on the random assignment selection. Consequently, the randomization would cause the lack of data validation (Tibshirani, 2014). In this scenario, the data has been given, and the research needs to be executed based on that provided data. Hence, it can be assessed that the quasi-experiment is not the right approach to analysis the particular research scenario. Experimental study: The experimental research study is the most authentic method of analyzing the research topic. The prime benefit of the experimental study is that it facilitates to gain the insight into the instruction method (Bechhofer Paterson, 2012). In this scenario, the data are pre-validate. Consequently, it will enhance the research activity in an effectual manner. In the experimental process, two examinations need to be conducted. First, the coach needs to conduct the experiment on the performance of the players before taking orange juice. Second, an examination of the performance of the players needs to be taken post drinking of juice. Hence, it can be assessed that the experimental study would be the best possible solution for the particular research, as the variables can be controlled in an effectual manner. References: Bechhofer, F., Paterson, L. (2012).Principles of research design in the social sciences. Routledge. Boone, H. N., Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing likert data.Journal of extension,50(2), 1-5. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Rubin, D. B. (2014).Bayesian data analysis(Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman Hall/CRC. Grbich, C. (2012).Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Sage. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M. (2016).A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications Ioannidis, J. P., Greenland, S., Hlatky, M. A., Khoury, M. J., Macleod, M. R., Moher, D., ... Tibshirani, R. (2014). Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis.The Lancet,383(9912), 166-175 Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons Wakita, T., Ueshima, N., Noguchi, H. (2012). Psychological distance between categories in the likert scale comparing different numbers of options.Educational and Psychological Measurement,72(4), 533-546. Zhu, J. (2014).Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer.