W Ppppp Essay Example

W Ppppp Essay Final Exam Review Note: This hand-out is designed to provide additional review materials for your exam. The practice problems included are not all inclusive and this should be reviewed in conjunction with your practice exam, coursepacket materials and homework problems. Chapter 14 1. On January 1, 2007, Ann Rosen loaned $45,078 to Joe Grant. A zero-interest-bearing note (face amount, $60,000) was exchanged solely for cash; no other rights or privileges were exchanged. The note is to be repaid on December 31, 2009. The prevailing rate of interest for a loan of this type is 10%. The present value of $60,000 at 10% for three years is $45,078. What amount of interest income should Ms. Rosen recognize in 2007? a. $4,508. b. $6,000. c. $18,000. d. $13,524. 2. A company issues $20,000,000, 7. 8%, 20-year bonds to yield 8% on January 1, 2007. Interest is paid on June 30 and December 31. The proceeds from the bonds are $19,604,145. Using effective-interest amortization, how much interest expense will be recognized in 2007? a. $780,000 b. $1,560,000 c. $1,568,498 d. $1,568,332 3. Carr Corporation retires its $100,000 face value bonds at 105 on January 1, following the payment of interest. The carrying value of the bonds at the redemption date is $103,745. The entry to record the redemption will include a a. credit of $3,745 to Loss on Bond Redemption. b. debit of $3,745 to Premium on Bonds Payable. c. credit of $1,255 to Gain on Bond Redemption. d. debit of $5,000 to Premium on Bonds Payable. DR Bonds Payable 100,000 DR Premium 3,745 DR Loss 1,255 CR Cash 105,000 4. The printing costs and legal fees associated with the issuance of bonds should a. e expensed when incurred. b. be reported as a deduction from the face amount of bonds payable. c. be accumulated in a deferred charge account and amortized over the life of the bonds. d. not be reported as an expense until the period the bonds mature or are retired. Page 1 of 10 5. The generally accepted method of accounting for gains or losses from the early extinguishment of debt treats any gain or loss as a. an ad justment to the cost basis of the asset obtained by the debt issue. b. an amount that should be considered a cash adjustment to the cost of any other debt issued ver the remaining life of the old debt instrument. c. an amount received or paid to obtain a new debt instrument and, as such, should be amortized over the life of the new debt. d. a difference between the reacquisition price and the net carrying amount of the debt which should be recognized in the period of redemption as an other expense on the income statement. 6. A corporation called an outstanding bond obligation four years before maturity. At that time there was an unamortized discount of $300,000. To extinguish this debt, the company had to pay a call premium of $100,000. We will write a custom essay sample on W Ppppp specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on W Ppppp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on W Ppppp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ignoring income tax considerations, how should these amounts be treated for accounting purposes? a. Amortize $400,000 over four years. b. Charge $400,000 to a loss in the year of extinguishment. c. Charge $100,000 to a loss in the year of extinguishment and amortize $300,000 over four years. d. Either amortize $400,000 over four years or charge $400,000 to a loss immediately, whichever management selects. 7. On June 1, 2006, Janson Bottle Company sold $400,000 in long-term bonds for $351,040. The bonds will mature in 10 years and have a stated interest rate of 8% and a yield rate of 10%. The bonds pay interest annually on May 31 of each year. The bonds are to be accounted for under the effective-interest method. Instructions (a) Construct a bond amortization table for this problem to indicate the amount of interest expense and discount amortization at each May 31. Include only the first four years. Make sure all columns and rows are properly labeled. (Round to the nearest dollar. ) (b) The sales price of $351,040 was determined from present value tables. Specifically explain how one would determine the price using present value tables. c) Assuming that interest and discount amortization are recorded each May 31, prepare the adjusting entry to be made on December 31, 2008. (Round to the nearest dollar. ) (a) Date 6/1/06 5/31/07 5/31/08 5/31/09 5/31/10 (b) (1) (2) Credit Cash $32,000 32,000 32,000 32,000 Debit Interest Expense $35,104 35,414 35,756 36,131 Credit Carrying Amount Bond Discount of Bonds $351,040 $3,104 354,144 3,414 357,558 3,756 361,314 4,131 365,445 Fin d the present value of $400,000 due in 10 years at 10%. Find the present value of 10 annual payments of $32,000 at 10%. Add (1) and (2) to obtain the present value of the principal and the interest 20,858* 18,667** 2,191 payments. (c) Interest Expense Interest Payable .. Discount on Bonds Payable *7/12 ? $35,756 (from Table) = $20,858 **7/12 ? 8% ? $400,000 = $18,667 Page 2 of 10 Chapter 15: 1. E15-1:Porter Corp. purchased its own par value stock on January 1, 2010 for $20,000 and debited the treasury stock account for the purchase price. The stock was subsequently sold for $12,000. The $8,000 difference between the cost and sales price should be recorded as a deduction from a. additional paid-in capital to the extent that previous net gains from sales of the same class of stock are included therein; otherwise, from retained earnings. b. additional paid-in capital without regard as to whether or not there have been previous net gains from sales of the same class of stock included therein. c. retained earnings. d. net income. 2. Which of the following best describes a possible result of treasury stock transactions by a corporation? . May increase but not decrease retained earnings. b. May increase net income if the cost method is used. c. May decrease but not increase retained earnings. d. May decrease but not increase net income. 3. When a corporation issues its capital stock in payment for services, the least appropriate basis for recording the transaction is the a. market value of the services received. b. par value of the shares issued. c. market value of the shares issued. d. Any of these provides an appropriate basis for recording the transaction. . Direct costs incurred to sell stock such as underwriting costs should be accounted for as 1. a reduction of additional paid-in capital. 2. an expense of the period in which the stock is issued. 3. an intangible asset. a. b. c. d. 1 2 3 1 or 3 5. A feature common to both stock splits and stock dividends is a. a transfer to earned capital of a corporation. b. that there is no effect on total stockholders equity. c. an increase in total liabilities of a corporation. d. a reduction in the contributed capital of a corporation. Stock splits – change in par value and change in number of shares Stock dividend – DR Retained Earnings and CR CS dividend distributable (and APIC if small stock dividend) 6. On September 1, 2010, Valdez Company reacquired 12,000 shares of its $10 par value common stock for $15 per share. Valdez uses the cost method to account for treasury stock. The journal entry to record the reacquisition of the stock should debit a. Treasury Stock for $120,000. b. Common Stock for $120,000. c. Common Stock for $120,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par for $60,000. . Treasury Stock for $180,000. 12,000 ? $15 = $180,000. (Credit is to cash. ) Page 3 of 10 7. Long Co. issued 100,000 shares of $10 par common stock for $1,200,000. Long acquired 8,000 shares of its own common stock at $15 per share. Three months later Long sold 4,000 of these shares at $19 per share. If the cost method is used to record treasury stock transactions, to record the sale of the 4,000 treasury shares, Long should credit a. Treasury Stock for $76,000. b. Treasury Stock for $40,000 and Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock for $36,000. c. Treasury Stock for $60,000 and Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock for $16,000. d. Treasury Stock for $60,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par for $16,000. 4,000 ? $15 = $60,000; 4,000 ? $4 = $16,000. Stock Issue: DR Cash 1,200,000, CR Common Stock $1,000,000, CR APIC $200,000 Repurchase: DR Treasury Stock 120,000, CR Cash 120,000 Sale: DR Cash 76,000, CR Treasury Stock 60,000, CR APIC-TS 16,000 8. Colson Inc. declared a $160,000 cash dividend. It currently has 6,000 shares of 7%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock outstanding. It is one year in arrears on its preferred stock. How much cash will Colson distribute to the common stockholders? a. $76,000. b. $84,000. c. $118,000. d. None. Note: Assumes that the preferred tock is not participating since it does not say that it is. 6,000 ? $100 ? .07 = $42,000 PS Dividend Total Dividend of $160,000 – ($42,000 ? 2 years since one in arrears and it is cumulative) = $76,000 payable to common stockholders. If it was participating preferred stock, then each would equal dividends and you would need to know the amount of the common stock par to know how to divide it. Refer to example from Ch 15 lecture. . Hernandez Company has 350,000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. During the year, Hernandez declared a 10% stock dividend when the market price of the stock was $30 per share. Four months later Hernandez declared a $. 50 per share cash dividend. As a result of the dividends declared during the year, retained earnings decreased by a. $1,242,500. b. $525,000. c. $192,500. d. $175,000. 350,000 ? .1 0 ? $30 = $1,050,000 Stock dividend: DR RE 1,050,000 and CR CS Dividend Distributable (for par) $50,000 and CR APIC 700,000 $1,050,000 + (350,000 ? 1. 0 (increase for stock dividend) ? $. 50) = $1,242,500. 10. On June 30, 2010, when Ermler Co. s stock was selling at $65 per share, its capital accounts were as follows: Capital stock (par value $50; 60,000 shares issued) Premium on capital stock Retained earnings $3,000,000 600,000 4,200,000 If a 100% stock dividend were declared and distributed, capital stock would be a. $3,000,000. b. $3,600,000. c. $6,000,000. d. $7,800,000. Declaration Date: DR RE 3,000,000 and CR CS Dividend Distributable 3,000,000 Payment Date: DR CS Dividend Distributable 3,000,000 and CR CS 3,000,000 Page 4 of 10 The following data are provided for 11 and 12: 10% Cumulative preferred stock, $50 par Common stock, $10 par Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings (includes current year net income) Net income December 31, 2011 2010 $100,000 $100,000 120,000 90,000 80,000 65,000 240,000 215,000 90,000 Additional information: On May 1, 2011, 3,000 shares of common stock were issued. The preferred dividends were not declared during 2011. The market price of the common stock was $50 at December 31, 2011. 11. The rate a. 90 ? b. 90 ? c. 80 ? d. 80 ? c = $80 ? 400. 12. The book value per share of common stock at 12/31/11 is a. 30 ? 12. b. 200 ? 12. c. 330 ? 12. d. 440 ? 11. $120,000 + $80,000 + (240,000 – $10,000) a ——————————————————— = $430 ? 12. 12,000 Chapter 18: Solve P18-5 b – 1, 2 and 3 using the Completed Contract Method for Practice ER18-1: POC and Completed Contract Methods Toaster Co. entered into the following contract with Oven Inc. to construct a new facility. At the time the contract was negotiated, Toaster was confident that they would be able to complete the contract to Oven’s specifications. Further, Oven had good credit standing and was expected to pay the contract in full in accordance with the billing terms. The contract started on March 1, 2009 and ended on December 15, 2011 when construction was complete. Toaster Co. Contract price: $10,000,000 Costs incurred Estimated costs to complete Progress billings Cash collections 2009 $3,600,000 4,400,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2010 $3,800,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2011 $800,000 0 3,500,000 4,500,000 of return on common stock equity for 2011 is 400. 440. 400. 440. 1) What should Toaster Co. consider in deciding between the Completed Contract and the POC methods? Based on these facts, which method is preferable? Toaster must use the POC method for long-term contracts when all three of the following exist: 1) terms are fixed per the contract 2) buyer is expected to pay and 3) contractor is expected to perform. If Toaster does not meet these three requirements, the completed contract method may be used. The completed contract method may also be used if the contract is short-term or Page 5 of 10 there are inherent hazards. Typically inherent hazards mean they cannot estimate the costs reliably for some reason. In this example, the terms are fixed and known as per above and both parties were expected to perform when the contract was negotiated. Since the contract is longterm and there are no inherent hazards mentioned, the POC method is not only preferred but it would be required. 2) What factors might cause Toaster Co. to use the Installment Sales or Cost Recovery methods? Toaster would have to not qualify for the POC method as discussed above. Further, the collectability of the contract price from Oven would have to be uncertain. The choice between installment sales and cost recovery depends on the level of uncertainty that Oven will pay. The more uncertain Toaster is, the more likely they would use the cost recovery method. ) Prepare the entries for all three years using the POC method. See template for ER18-1. Page 6 of 10 ER 18. 1 % Complete Calculations: 1 2 Costs to Year Date Given Given 2009 2010 2011 3,600,000 7,400,000 8,200,000 3 Estimated Total Costs Given 8,000,000 8,400,000 8,200,000 4 % Complete =2/3 45. 0% 88. 1% 100. 0% 5 Conrtract Price Given 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 6 Revenue Recognizable =4*5 4,5 00,000 8,809,524 10,000,000 7 Less Pys See PY line 4,500,000 8,809,524 8 Current Year =6-7 4,500,000 4,309,524 1,190,476 1 Year Given 2009 2010 2011 Journal Entries: Estimated Profit =5-3 2,000,000 1,600,000 1,800,000 10 % Complete* =4 above 45. 0% 88. 1% 11 Profit Recognizable =9*10 900,000 1,409,524 12 Less Pys See PY Line 900,000 13 Current Year =11-12 900,000 509,524 390,476 COMPLETED CONTRACT: 2009 2010 3,600,000 3,800,000 (3,600,000) (3,800,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2,500,000 (2,500,000) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2011 800,000 (800,000) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 4,500,000 (4,500,000) CIP AP AR Billings Cash AR CIP Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP 100. 0% 1,800,000 1,409,524 *Note assume 100% of the loss if a loss contract!! 009 2010 2011 3,600,000 3,800,000 800,000 CIP (3,600,000) (3,800,000) (800,000) AP 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2,500,000 (2,500,000) 900,000 3,600,000 (4,500,000) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 509,524 3,800,000 (4,309,524) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 4,500,000 (4,500,000) 390,476 800,000 (1,190,476) 10,000,000 (10,000,000) 2011 AR Billings Cash AR Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP (3,000,000) 3,600,000 600,000 (6,500,000) 7,400,000 900,000 8,200,000 (10,000,000) 10,000,000 (8,200,000) 2009 2010 Balance Sheet Presentation: Billings Total (3,000,000) (6,500,000) CIP Total 4,500,000 8,809,524 BS Amount: 1,500,000 2,100,000 Unbilled Unbilled Contract Costs Contract Costs Unbilled Unbilled Contract Costs Contract Costs Inventory Inventory Title: Section: Inventory Inventory 4) Prepare the entries for all three years using the Completed Contract method. See template for ER18-1. Page 7 of 10 5) Now assume the same as above except that in 2010, Toaster ran into some construction delays and actual costs incurred were $2,000,000 higher than stated above. The delays were Toaster’s fault and they were not able to bill Ovens Inc. for these extra costs incurred. Prepare the journal entries for all three years under both the POC and completed contract methods. See template for ER18-1 Part 5). Page 8 of 10 ER 18. 1 Part 5 % Complete Calculations: 1 2 Costs to Year Date Given Given 2009 2010 2011 3,600,000 9,400,000 10,200,000 3 Estimated Total Costs Given 8,000,000 10,400,000 10,200,000 4 % Complete =2/3 45. 0% 90. 4% 100. 0% 5 Conrtract Price Given 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 6 Revenue Recognizable =4*5 4,500,000 9,038,462 10,000,000 7 Less Pys See PY line 4,500,000 9,038,462 8 Current Year =6-7 4,500,000 4,538,462 961,538 Year Given 2009 2010 2011 Journal Entries: 9 Estimated Profit =5-3 2,000,000 (400,000) (200,000) 10 % Complete* =4 above 45. 0% 100. 0% 11 Profit Recognizable =9*10 900,000 (400,000) 12 Less Pys See PY Line 900,000 13 Current Year 2010 Contrstruction Expense: =11-12 5,838,462 900,000 (1,300,000) 200,000 COMPLETED CONTRACT: 2009 2010 3,600,000 5,800,000 (3,600,000) (5,800,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2,500,000 (2,500,000) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2011 800,000 (800,000) 3,500,000 3,500,000) 4,500,000 (4,500,000) 2011 Contruction Expense: 761,538 CIP AP AR Billings Cash AR CIP Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP 100. 0% (200,000) (400,000) *Note assume 100% of the loss if a loss contract!! 2009 2010 2011 3,600,000 5,800,000 800,000 CIP (3,600,000) (5,800,000) (800,000) AP 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2,500,000 (2,500,000) 900,000 3,600,000 (4,500,000) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) (1,300,000) 5,838,462 (4,538,462) 3,500,000 (3,500,000) 4,500,000 (4,500,000) 200,000 761,538 (961,538) 10,000,000 (10,000,000) 2011 AR Billings Cash AR Const Expense Revenue Loss on Contract Billings CIP (3,000,000) 3,600,000 600,000 400,000 (400,000) (6,500,000) 9,000,000 2,500,000 10,000,000 (10,000,000) (200,000) 10,000,000 (9,800,000) 2009 2010 Balance Sheet Presentation: Billings Total (3,000,000) (6,500,000) CIP Total 4,500,000 9,000,000 BS Amount: 1,500,000 2,100,000 Unbilled Unbilled Contract Costs Contract Costs Unbilled Unbilled Contract Costs Contract Costs Inventory Inventory Title: Section: Inventory Inventory ER 18–2: Installment Sales Method Cornick, Inc. appropriately used the installment method of accounting to recognize income in its financial statement. Some pertinent data relating to this method of accounting include: 2010 2011 Installment sales $750,000 $900,000 Cost of sales 450,000 630,000 Gross profit $300,000 $270,000 Collections during year: On 2010 sales 250,000 250,000 On 2011 sales 300,000 Prepare the journal entries for 2010 and 2011 required under the installment sales metho d. Gross Profit Rates: 2010 = 40% (300,000/750,000)/ 2011 = 30% (270,000/900,000) 2010 2011 DR CR DR CR AR – 2010 750,000 0 AR – 2011 0 900,000 Revenue 750,000 900,000 COGS Inventory Revenue COGS Deferred GP–2010 Deferred GP-2011 Cash AR – 2010 AR – 2011 450,000 450,000 750,000 450,000 300,000 0 250,000 250,000 0 100,000* 90,000** 100,000 190,000 550,000 250,000 300,000 900,000 630,000 0 270,000 630,000 630,000 Deferred GP–2010 100,000* Deferred GP-2011 0 Realized GP * 250,000 cash * 40% GP Rate ** 300,000 cash * 30% GP Rate Page 9 of 10 ER 18-3: Completed Contract and Percentage of Completion with Interim Loss Russell Custom Builders manufactures commercial building complexes. The following data is available for an airport construction contract: Amount in thousands Contract price: $10,000 2010 2011 2012 Costs incurred each year $1,900 $1,500 $5,000 Estimated costs to complete 3,100 6,000 0 Progress billings 4,000 4,000 2,000 Cash collections 3,000 4,000 3,000 1. Prepare the required entries for all three years under the percentage of completion method and the completed contract methods. See template for ER18-3. 2. Assume now that the project manager miscalculated the building’s window widths and all of the windows had to be reordered. This resulted in significant cost overruns. The costs were as follows: 2010 2011 2012 Costs incurred each year $1,900 $6,200 $2,900 Estimated costs to complete 3,100 2,800 0 Prepare the required entries for 2011 and 2012 under the percentage of completion method and the completed contract methods. See template for ER18-3 Part 2). Page 10 of 10 % Complete Calculations: 1 2 Costs to Year Date Given Given 2010 2011 2012 1,900,000 3,400,000 8,400,000 ER 18. 3 3 Estimated Total Costs Given 5,000,000 9,400,000 8,400,000 4 % Complete =2/3 38. 0% 36. 2% 100. 0% 5 Conrtract Price Given 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 6 Revenue Recognizable =4*5 3,800,000 3,617,021 10,000,000 7 Less Pys See PY line 3,800,000 3,617,021 8 Current Year =6-7 3,800,000 (182,979) 6,382,979 1 Year Given 2010 2011 2012 Journal Entries: 9 Estimated Profit =5-3 5,000,000 600,000 1,600,000 10 % Complete* =4 above 38. 0% 36. 2% 11 Profit Recognizable =9*10 1,900,000 217,021 12 Less Pys See PY Line 1,900,000 13 Current Year =11-12 1,900,000 (1,682,979) COMPLETED CONTRACT: 2010 2011 1,900,000 1,500,000 (1,900,000) (1,500,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) CIP AP AR Billings Cash AR CIP Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP 100. % 1,600,000 217,021 1,382,979 *Note assume 100% of the loss if a loss contract!! 2010 2011 2012 1,900,000 1,500,000 5,000,000 CIP (1,900,000) (1,500,000) (5,000,000) AP 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 1,900,000 1,900,000 (3,800,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) (1,682,979) 1,500,000 182,979 2,000,000 (2,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 1,382,979 5,000,000 (6,382,979) 10,000,000 (10,000,000) 2012 AR Billings Cash AR 2012 5,000,000 (5,000,000) 2,000,000 (2,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP (4,000,000) 1,900,000 (2,100,000) (8,000,000) 3,400,000 (4,600,000) 8,400,000 (10,000,000) 10,000,000 (8,400,000) 2010 2011 Balance Sheet Presentation: Billings Total (4,000,000) (8,000,000) CIP Total 3,800,000 3,617,021 BS Amount: (200,000) (4,382,979) Billings in excess of Unbilled contract costs Contract Costs Billings in Billings in excess of excess of contract costs contract costs Current Liabilities Current Liabilities Current Liabilities Current Liabilities Title: Section: ER 18. 3 Part 2 % Complete Calculations: 1 2 Costs to Year Date Given Given 2010 2011 2012 1,900,000 8,100,000 11,000,000 3 Estimated Total Costs Given 5,000,000 10,900,000 11,000,000 4 % Complete =2/3 38. 0% 74. 3% 100. 0% 5 Conrtract Price Given 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 6 Revenue Recognizable =4*5 3,800,000 7,431,193 10,000,000 7 Less Pys See PY line 3,800,000 7,431,193 8 Current Year =6-7 3,800,000 3,631,193 2,568,807 1 Year Given 2010 2011 2012 Journal Entries: Estimated Profit =5-3 5,000,000 (900,000) (1,000,000) 10 % Complete* =4 above 38. 0% 100. 0% 11 Profit Recognizable =9*10 1,900,000 (900,000) 12 Less Pys See PY Line 1,900,000 13 Current Year 2010 Contrstruction Expense: =11-12 6,431,193 1,900,000 (2,800,000) (100,000) COMPLETED CONTRACT: 2010 2011 1,900,000 6,200,000 (1,900,000) (6,200,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 2012 2,900,000 (2,900,000) 2,000,000 (2,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 2011 Contruction Expense: 2,668,807 CIP AP AR Billings Cash AR CIP Const Expense Revenue Billings CIP 100. 0% (1,000,000) (900,000) *Note assume 100% of the loss if a loss contract!! 2010 2011 2012 1,900,000 6,200,000 2,900,000 CIP (1,900,000) (6,200,000) (2,900,000) AP 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) 1,900,000 1,900,000 (3,800,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) 4,000,000 (4,000,000) (2,800,000) 6,431,193 (3,631,193) 2,000,000 (2,000,000) 3,000,000 (3,000,000) (100,000) 2,668,807 (2,568,807) 10,000,000 (10,000,000) 2012 AR Billings Cash AR Const Expense Revenue Loss from contract Billings CIP (4,000,000) 1,900,000 (2,100,000) Billings in excess of contract costs Current Liabilities 900,000 (900,000) (8,000,000) 7,200,000 (800,000) Billings in excess of contract costs Current Liabilities 10,000,000 (10,000,000) 100,000 10,000,000 (10,100,000) 2010 Balance Sheet Presentation: Billings Total (4,000,000) CIP Total 3,800,000 BS Amount: (200,000) 2011 (8,000,000) 7,200,000 (800,000) Title: Billings in Billings in excess of excess of contract costs contract costs Current Liabilities Current Liabilities Section:

13 Quotes About the Joy of Baby Girls

13 Quotes About the Joy of Baby Girls When you think of a baby girl, the mind conjures up images of satin ribbons, pink frilly frocks, dainty shoes, and delicate tutus. But be warned! Girls can be full of surprises, too. If you are having a baby girl, you can gain some invaluable advice from these baby girl quotes. These baby girl quotes present the perspectives of some famous personalities on the experience of raising a girl child. Here are some beautiful baby girl quotes to fill your heart with a yearning for a baby girl. Alan Marshall Beck A little girl can be sweeter (and badder) oftener than anyone else in the world. She can jitter around, and stomp, and make funny noises that frazzle your nerves, yet just when you open your mouth she stands there demure with that special look in her eyes. A girl is Innocence playing in the mud, beauty standing on its head, and Motherhood dragging a doll by the foot. Elizabeth Taylor My mother says I didnt open my eyes for eight days after I was born, but when I did, the first thing I saw was an engagement ring. I was hooked. Kate Douglas Wiggin Every child born into the world is a new thought of God, an ever-fresh and radiant possibility. Proverb Like mother, like daughter. Lewis Carroll I am fond of children... except boys. Joseph Addison Certain is it that there is no kind of affection so purely angelic as of a father to a daughter. In love to our wives there is desire; to our sons, ambition; but to our daughters there is something which there are no words to express. Irish Saying A son is a son till he takes him a wife, a daughter is a daughter all of her life. Phyllis Diller It would seem that something which means poverty, disorder and violence every single day should be avoided entirely, but the desire to beget children is a natural urge. Henry David Thoreau Every child begins the world again... Whitney Houston You dont have a baby based on that publicity madness. People dont live like that. Especially black people who were raised in families with morals and standards and integrity. Lawrence Housman If nature had arranged that husbands and wives should have children alternatively, there would never be more than three in a family. Ace Frehley I look at my kid, and one part of me wants to keep her as my little baby. But, yknow, the bottom line is shes 18! Harold Bloomfield One touch is worth ten thousand words.

Who makes a better parent Men or women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Who makes a better parent Men or women - Essay Example the children. Thesis statement: Women make a better parent because they are emotionally attached to their children, but without ignoring their responsibilities. First of all, the importance of parenting in this modern age must be unearthed. Unlike animals, a newborn child is helpless and shows dependency towards its mother. When a calf is born, it can stand up, walk, or even it can run. But it is impossible for a human child. The only thing that it can do is to cry to attract its mother’s attention. So, one can see that the initial stages of a child’s growth and development is strictly limited to the sphere of the intimate care provided by its mother. Gradually, the child attains its adolescent age, teen age, youth and adulthood. During these stages of growth and development, the child’s behavior towards its mother undergoes gradual change, (maybe, negative or positive). In general, girls show attachment toward their mothers and boys try to imitate their fathers (there may be exceptional cases). But the point under discussion is still to be explored. The traditional role of men in families is that of the ‘breadwinner’ or the head of the family structure. Generally, men earn money for the whole family and looks after the other members with due care and responsibility. The image of men in a family is based on responsibility. Besides, men show keen interest to force other members to follow certain disciplinary guidelines. Their role as father and the caretaker of the whole family with responsibility is complex. From a different angle of view, their dual role (both are complex) limits the scope of friendly approach towards children. For instance, they possess an active role in protecting and defending the reputation of the family as a whole. The ‘father image’ is responsible for the deeds of other family members. So, they do have less time to concentrate upon the

Finance discussions1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance discussions1 - Essay Example Ford, on the other hand is healthy enough to withstand short term payments without liquidating its inventories. General Motors again has a problem with a large amount of inventory and slow processes that take almost double the time to convert inventory into sales. Low inventory figures for Ford facilitate a high inventory turnover. Ford has the worst accounts receivable with only 0.62 days of sales outstanding, well below General Motors 23 days. This means that receivables are not being collected on time. Ford, with relatively lower sales and higher fixed assets, also utilizes its assets efficiently. Both companies seem to be generating a sufficient volume of business given their total assets. Ford has a slightly higher profit margin on sales than General Motors’ even though both have approximately the same net income. This is attributed to higher sales of General Motors. In terms of the overall return on the investment earned by both companies, they are neck to neck with General Motors out performing Ford due to large asset holdings of the latter. Ford’s negative equity results from the large amount of retained earning deficit and accumulated comprehensive loss over the years. This has resulted in a negative return of 974% to common stockholders. The recent years of more than 100% debt ratio, have eaten into the equity of the company. General Motors is doing well in this regard with a decent return to its common stockholders of 18%. Ford is highly leveraged with almost 100% debt. It has however, brought this figure down from previous years. Compared to that, General Motors even though highly leveraged itself, seems to be in a safer position with 78% debt. This high amount of debt is affecting Ford’s performance as it lowers its ability to cover its fixed financial charges and bogs down its income, adversely affecting the equity. Overall, Ford has taken more debt than it can

Technology in Zara Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technology in Zara - Term Paper Example This study discusses that Zara’s strategy is to focus on the popularity that has been achieved on its consumers rather that popularizing the less recognized stock. The managers are accorded outstanding obligation to determine the products that would have a positive implication on the revenue that would be generated by the company. The desire to trust these employees with the principal decision has led to the generation of the realized profit because the company does not dictate the available merchandize, but have an indirect link to consumers through the manager. An added strategy to regulate the revenue spent is realized in the reduction of advertising fees as the company fails to engage in the process. This strategy is applied in creating a modernized store to attract the customers because of the position in the urban centers that require better display. Zara applied a consistent procedure to ensure its goals are attained, and a wider market niche satisfied. These were categ orized into simpler units.This paper outlines that orders were placed to La Coruna on a two times weekly basis. This ensured that the required items that were on demand delivered to customers and the managers applied a system that checked on the deliveries through a dial-up modem system. Fulfillment was achieved through checking for orders that the customers had been engaged in consuming updating the manuals to satisfy the ordered merchandize.... The managers are accorded outstanding obligation to determine the products that would have a positive implication on the revenue that would be generated by the company. The desire to trust these employees with the principal decision has led to the generation of the realized profit because the company does not dictate the available merchandize, but have an indirect link to consumers through the manager. An added strategy to regulate the revenue spent is realized in the reduction of advertising fees as the company fails to engage in the process. This strategy is applied in creating a modernized store to attract the customers because of the position in the urban centers that require better display. Zara applied a consistent procedure to ensure its goals are attained, and a wider market niche satisfied. These were categorized into simpler units. Orders were placed to La Coruna on a two times weekly basis. This ensured that the required items that were on demand delivered to customers and the managers applied a system that checked on the deliveries through a dial-up modem system. Fulfillment was achieved through checking for orders that the customers had been engaged in consuming updating the manuals to satisfy the ordered merchandize. Value Chain Designing and manufacturing ensured that the latest fashion had been implemented, and a wider collection maintained in stock. The design established the trend within the market to alter the merchandize that would sell more to the clients predicting the future pattern of the goods. This made sure that Zara had stayed with the competitors to capture the consumer market that appreciated the latest trend of items. The

Mendelian Genetics of Drosophila | Lab Report

Mendelian Genetics of Drosophila | Lab Report Joshua Park Introduction Drosophila melanogaster, known generally as a fruit fly, is a cost-effective model organism with certain qualities that make it an ideal research tool in various fields of science. Drosophila melanogaster are preferred over vertebrate models as a research tool in genetic studies due to its basic food requirements, its ability to produce large numbers of progeny in a short period of time, and quick life cycle. Depending on diet and stress its life span ranges up to an average maximum of 120 days. They are also easy and inexpensive to culture in a laboratory environment, not to mention they take up very little space. In addition, they have diverse phenotypic traits that are easily observable. Its anatomical features like the compound eye allow easy access for phenotypic characterization. They also have abundant genetic variation in a relatively small genome. Approximately 13,600 protein-coding genes are located in only four chromosomes. Many heredity variations can be studied in these flies.An example of this is the gene that codes for eye color in Drosophila, which can result in red, sepia, white, or brown phenotypes. This unique ability to generate many different phenotypes provides D. melanogaster its practicality as an effective research tool for the study of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. In this experiment, we wanted to understand which phenotypic results would result from a mating cross between D. melanogaster parents with certain wild type and mutant phenotypes for eye color and wing size. The wild type phenotype for eye color is red, while the mutant phenotypes are sepia and white. The wild type phenotype for wing size is long, while the mutant phenotype is apterous, or no wing. We also wanted to know the reason for such phenotypic ratios, which we hypothesized to be the Mendelian Law of Segregation in regards to the study of one trait. To do this, we mated D. melanogaster flies with similar and different phenotypes in order to see how well our results agreed with the Mendelian Law of Segregation. We created two crosses: a monohybrid cross where both male and female flies had the wild type phenotype (Bb and Bb), and a monohybrid cross where the male flies had the mutant phenotype (XwY) and the female flies had the wild type phenotype (X+X+). For our first monohybr id cross, we wanted to know what the expected phenotypic ratio would be when crossing wildtype red-eyed flies, according to Mendels first law. We hypothesized that the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross with red-eyed flies would be 3:1 because according to the Mendelian Law of Segregation, the two alleles are separated from each other during gamete formation. For our other monohybrid cross, we wanted to know what the expected phenotypic ratio would be when crossing wildtype red-eyed flies with mutant white-eyed flies, once again according to Mendels first law. We hypothesized that the expected phenotypic ratio would be 1:1 due to the Mendelian Law of Segregation. Using the chi-square test, we will be prepared to reject or fail to reject our hypothesis according to our mating cross results. Title: Mendelian Genetics of Drosophila Material and Methods Students in groups of two were given a number corresponding to a specific fly stock vial. Two culture vials pre-filled with food and cotton plugs were collected at the front of the classroom. The group number and initials were written on the vials. Next, the assigned stock vials were obtained and were lightly tapped on the lab bench to remove the flies from the cotton plug. An anesthesia wand was dipped into the FlyNap and carefully inserted through the cotton plugs into each stock vial. The stock vials were immediately placed horizontally on the lab bench after, preventing the flies from drowning in the food media. After waiting a few minutes for the flies to fall asleep, the wands were removed from the vials and the flies from each vial were dumped onto separate index cards. The flies were observed under a dissecting scope and found to be either male or female based on the body morphology. A lamp light was used for an easier inspection. Using a brush, 5 male and female flies from e ach cross set were transferred to the culture vials. Once again, the vials were made sure to be placed horizontally on the lab bench. Each culture vial was sealed with a cotton plug, and the leftover flies were returned to the stock vials. The vials were returned to the TA for storage. Once larva could be seen in the fly culture vials, the parent flies were put to sleep and removed from the vials to avoid backcrossing. Once it was evident that many F1 offspring had matured into adults, the flies were put to sleep and dumped onto notecards. The flies from the assigned cross set were observed under a dissecting microscope, and the eye color and wing presence was recorded for each fly. For cross set E, both the sex and phenotype for each fly was recorded. After every F1 generation fly was counted for each cross set, they were dumped into the morgue. Results Cross Set: C Table 1: F1 phenotypes for cross set C Phenotype Total number Eye color Wing size Red Long 39 Sepia Long 9 The F1 data that was collected for cross set C is indicated in Table 1. The number of flies for each phenotype is shown. Figure 1: Graphical representation of F1 data for cross set C Figure 1 presents the data from Table 1 in the form of a bar graph. According to this data, there were more flies with wildtype red eyes (39) compared to flies with sepia eyes (9). There was a total of 48 flies for cross set C. Cross Set: E Table 2: F1 phenotypes and sex for cross set E       Phenotype Number of Male Flies Number of Female Flies Total number Eye color Wing size Red Long 10 9 19 White Long 10 13 23 The F1 data that was collected for cross set E is indicated in Table 2. The number of flies for each phenotype and sex is shown. Figure 2: Graphical representation of F1 data for cross set E Figure 2 presents the data from Table 2 in the form of a bar graph. According to this data, the number of male flies with wildtype red eyes (10) was equal to the number of male flies with white eyes (10). In addition, the number of female flies with wildtype red eyes (9) was very similar to the number of female flies with white eyes (13). There was a total of 42 flies for cross set E. Phenotype Observed Number (O) Expected Number (E) Deviation (O E) (O E) ² (O E) ²/E Red eyes/long wings 39 36 3 9 0.25 Sepia eye/long wings 9 12 -3 9 0.75 Total 48 48 X ² = 1.00 Chi-Square Analysis: Table 3:Chi-square analysis for cross set C Cross Set C:   à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 = Degrees of freedom (df) = 1 p-value range = 0.1 Table 4: Chi-square analysis for cross set E Phenotype Observed Number (O) Expected Number (E) Deviation (O E) (O E) ² (O E) ²/E Red eyes/long wings 19 21 -3 9 0.429 White eyes/long wings 23 21 2 4 0.190 Total 42 42 X ² = 0.619 Cross Set E:   à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 = Degrees of freedom (df) = 1 p-value range = 0.1 The chi-square analysis was completed for both crosses to compare the observed results with the expected results. The p-value for cross set C was between 0.1 and 0.9. The p-value for cross set E was also between 0.1 and 0.9. As a result, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of the chi-square test for both crosses. Discussion According to the results of this experiment, our research hypothesis was supported in each mating cross. We hypothesized that the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross with red-eyed wildtype flies would be 3:1, because according to the Mendelian Law of Segregation, the two alleles are separated from each other during gamete formation. Cross set C produced about three times as many red-eyed wildtype flies compared to sepia-eyed flies, confirming our hypothesis. For our other monohybrid cross, we wanted to know what the expected phenotypic ratio would be when crossing wildtype red-eyed flies with mutant white-eyed flies. We hypothesized that the expected phenotypic ratio would be 1:1 due to the Mendelian Law of Segregation. Cross set E produced equal amounts of red-eyed flies and white-eyed flies, confirming our hypothesis. The ratios obtained for cross sets C and E accurately reflected the expected results for a monohybrid cross and test cross respectively, as claimed by Mendels law o f segregation. The results of the chi-square analysis show that the observed counts were very close to the expected counts. The p-values for both cross sets C and E were between 0.1 and 0.9. Since these p-values were larger than 0.05, it was concluded that we should fail to reject the null hypothesis. Failing to reject the null hypothesis means that the observed data was not statistically different from the expected data. The mode of inheritance for cross set C was determined to be complete dominance. In complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele when both are present. Since both parents were found to be heterozygous for eye color (Bb), the dominant red allele masked the effect of the recessive sepia allele. The F1 data for cross set C demonstrates that wild type red eyes are dominant over sepia eyes, since the ratio of red-eyed flies (BB or Bb) to sepia-eyed flies (bb) was calculated to be 3:1, as expected for a monohybrid cross according to Mendels law of segregation. The mode of inheritance for cross set E was determined to be X-linked. Genetic conditions with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern usually affect only the males in a family. This is because they are caused by altered or mutant genes found on the X-chromosome. Females are born with two X-chromosomes, so the effects of a working gene on one can mask the effects of a mutant gene on the other, which is similar to complete dominance. They will normally be unaffected carriers of the condition. Males have only one X-chromosome, so if they inherit one with a mutant gene (XwY), they will be affected. The F1 data for cross set E demonstrates that the traits for red eyes and white eyes are located on the sex chromosome, since the ratio of red-eyed flies to white-eyed flies was determined to be 1:1. This indicated that the red-eyed female flies were heterozygous for eye color (X+Xw), since the contribution of a mutant allele from both parent flies would result in offspring with red eyes an d white eyes in equal proportions. These results are comparable to the data from Thomas Hunt Morgans experiment with D. melanogaster. In his experiment, he discovered a mutant gene affecting eye color. This mutant gene was expressed as a white color in the eyes. Morgan proceeded to discover that the gene for eye color was inherited in different ways depending on the sex of the fly. This difference came from the fact that female flies have two X chromosomes, while male flies only have one X chromosome and a Y chromosome. Morgan found that this gene had a similar inheritance pattern to the X chromosome. Thus, Morgan concluded that this gene was X-linked. A limitation of this experiment is the fact that we only counted progeny during one session. Multiple trials of counting offspring may have produced closer values to the expected ratios of Mendels law of segregation. Another limitation would be the difficulty of identifying male flies from female flies in a quick and efficient manner. This research has demonstrated the practicality and versatility of D. melanogaster as a tool for research in the lab. Although these fruit flies may seem like very simple and insignificant organisms, they allow us to do research that may otherwise not have been possible. I plan to conduct further studies with D. melanogaster in the field of pharmacology. Since humans share key physiological processes with this organism, D. melanogaster would serve as an effective model for drug discovery. I aim to generate a new drug compound that would greatly aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. I hope that the research conducted with these flies will allow for greater discoveries in various fields of science that will contribute to the advancement of mankind. References Jennings, B. H. (2011). Drosophila a versatile model in biology medicine. Materials Today,  14(5), 190-195. doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70113-4 Morgan, T. H. (1910). Sex Limited Inheritance In Drosophila. Science, 32(812), 120-122.  doi:10.1126/science.32.812.120 Pandey, U. B., Nichols, C. D. (2011). Human Disease Models in Drosophila melanogaster and  the Role of the Fly in Therapeutic Drug Discovery. Pharmacological Reviews, 63(2),  411-436. http://doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003293 Prà ¼ÃƒÅ¸ing, K., Voigt, A., Schulz, J. B. (2013). Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for  Alzheimers disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 8, 35. http://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-8-35     Ã‚   Plagiarism: Types, Causes and Effects Plagiarism: Types, Causes and Effects KENNEDY MULI KAILITI PLAGIARISM Introduction Plagiarism is ideological theft. When a person takes and idea that is not their own and represents it for credit. This is a false representation of oneself by using work or an idea that is not original or stolen from another person. Furthermore different constituencies have different meaning for the history of plagiarism. We might helpfully regard it as a triple entity or triangle. At one point of the triangle is cheating involving written works, the second inadvertent a failure to master conventions and the third are professionals who another work without permission for their own benefit.[1] This is just taking advantage of other peoples creativity without acknowledging them. Plagiarism represents truth without representing the source of the truth so ultimately it becomes its truth from the wrong person. When plagiarism is done without intention, knowledge or as a mistake then its called miss-use of sources. The great controversy on plagiarism is drawing the thin line between the de liberate and mistake and who takes responsibility between the teacher and the student. Plagiarism has been there as long as man existed and there was art and creativity but the realization of the vice and its consequences could have come with the printing press and academic advancement. In the early years of human existence philosophy, music and poetry were the ideologies and their practice as a sign of civilization and social advancement. The mode of education was informal and there was not based on research and writing and though plagiarism was practiced there is no data on who and when it started. In the definition and practice plagiarism was practiced as long as man lived. As people put their ideas and creativity in writing, distribution, business and credit then plagiarism became a parallel business. The publishing and printing companies and the authors had to protect themselves from theft and so the copy right protection laws. The twentieth century has come with innovation, scientific discoveries and research and plagiarism has risen as a competing factor. There is need to protect individual work and publishers from those who plagiarize to avoid the gains achieved so far and chaos and confusion. The world has turned to capitalism and competition for resources and fame. Plagiarism has become more alive in this century and its a moral and legal matter that is challenging every society. The academic world has been transformed to research and analysis and students excel only after writing essays, papers, thesis and publication making plagiarism a great threat. The new form of plagiarism is not for economic and popularity gain but for academic success and it a vice in all learning institutions. There has been so many ideas presented in all academic fields and with technological advancement plagiarism is easy and appealing today than before. There is no limit to the destruction that plagiarism has done economically, politically, socially, emotionally and often leads to enemity, wars and legal disputes. Today in music and art industry plagiarism is a quick fix to fame and riches. Time as a resource today is more precious than ever and people are willing to take shortcuts and achiev e goals within a short time. There is a lot involved in research, organization and tests in order to present work that is credit worthy in all fields of life so there is a trend to take shortcuts. Today there is unwritten policy of publish or perish in universities and so lecturers are likely to redo an old idea thus self -plagiarism. The internet has come of age and information is available all over the web for all disciplines and this is enticing to those who want to plagiarize. There is a demand for innovation, art, music, news and economic benefits are too good attracting the real and fake at the same time. Types of Plagiarism Plagiarism can either be intentional or accidental but the form and modes it takes vary a lot based on the situation. There is concern about academic plagiarism but there is a wide range from the unknown to the known , the written and the spoken and just like theft its trends and forms has no limits. The common one in research are taking some presented idea from a pool of knowledge and presenting it for credit. When one recycles and old concept or idea its self- plagiarism and the copy paste computer technology is a monster that propagates plagiarism. There is a pool of knowledge in all fields and research is ongoing in all parts of the world so plagiarism can arise unknowingly when there is agreement on the same concept and ideology. 14 Seven sons of a Jewish high priest named Sceva were doing this.15 But the evil spirit answered them, Jesus I know, and Paul I recognize, but who are you? 16 And the man in whom was the evil spirit leaped on them, mastered all of them and overpowered them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded.[2] This is spiritual plagiarism as people assume the position of Paul and Jesus. Percentage of College Students Admitting to Selected Cheating Behaviors, 1963 and 1993[3] Tests/Examinations 1963 1993 Copied from another student 26% 52% Helped another student cheat 23% 37% Used crib notes 16 % 27% Written Work Copied material without footnoting 49% 54% Plagiarized 30% 26% Falsified a bibliography 38% 29% Turned in work done by another 29% 14% Collaborated on assignments requiring individual work 11% 49% The use of plagiarism has been on the rise just and taking new modes. This research data information show that the percentages have almost doubled in the thirty years. This trend means that in the next century plagiarism will be at level institutions and schools will find overwhelming. There is a great danger for academic and research advancement from plagiarism and there is a wake -up call. The reason for this paper This paper is to demonstrate that I have a clear knowledge of plagiarism and Calvin Theological Seminary rule on plagiarism. I posted this in my paper as a case study and after using the name of the person publishing this information I assumed this is not taking credit or plagiarism. I pledge i will not plagiarize again and action will be taken against me in future as per Calvin Theological Seminary statutes on plagiarism. Max Brewer in his 1907 book Der Deutsche Christus (The German Christ) During the First and Second World Wars, German Protestant leaders used the writings of Luther to support the cause of German nationalism On the 450th anniversary of Luthers birth, which fell only a few months after the Nazi Party began its seizure of power in 1933, celebrations were conducted on a large scale by both the Protestant Churches and the Nazi Party. .At a celebration in Kà ¶nigsberg, Erich Koch, at that time the Gauleiter of East Prussia, made a speech in which he, among other things, compared Adolf Hitler with Martin Luther and claimed that the Nazis fought with Luthers spirit. Such a speech might be dismissed as mere propaganda, but, as Steigmann-Gall points out: Contemporaries regarded Koch as a bona fide Christian who had attained his position [as the elected president of a provincial Church synod] through a genuine commitment to Protestantism and its institutions. Even so, Steigmann-Gall states that the Nazis were not a Christian movement. The prominent Protestant theologian Karl Barth, in1939 stated that the writings of Martin Luther were used by the Nazis to glorify both the State and state absolutism: The German people suffer under his error of the relationship between the law and the bible, between secular and spiritual power, in which Luther divided the temporal State from the inward state, focusing instead on spiritual matters, thus limiting the ability of the individual or the church to question the actions of the State, which was seen as a God-ordained instrument. Effects of plagiarism Plagiarism affects the individual and the society and the effects can be long lasting and devastating. The person involved will lose trustworthy, moral, academic and social standing. This becomes worse when the person is taken to court or loose license of practice and financial loses. Those in the schools are expelled and many years of study and research go to waste. Plagiarism affects just like theft can be too cruel with years of suffering and regret. In the world today there are people that have lost positions of power and authority and careers destroyed. In the society plagiarism can result to financial loses and as companies and jobs are affected, court cases and warring parties, and threatening social standing. Reasons for plagiarism Ignorance and carelessness is the major sources of plagiarism. Ignorance and carelessness are also the major sources of the excuse from students who are caught plagiarizing. Even in cases where there are established writers, politicians, and academics have been caught plagiarizing the most common reason is confusion in my notes.[4] There is always a reason behind every action good or bad and so people have different reasons to justify plagiarism. The world living in the era of quick fix and people have no time to invest in hard work as time becomes the most valuable resource. A majority of the plagiarism is intentional and by people that are well vast in their fields of knowledge but have little time to carry out a research. The financial and positional gain is attractive and is its good luck adventure that usually goes bad and becomes destructive. There is all information in the Web about anything and this makes plagiarism the easy and quick path to take. The economic trends today h ave forced people to do extra work , juggle between multiple careers , become student workers and so there is little time to invest in school and learning hence plagiarism is a solution. Self-plagiarism is one that can be done unaware after years of publishing and at times its miss-understanding and mistakes of not doing a citation. When people do research and writing they do it without fore knowledge of other people involved in the same work so plagiarism out of ignorance may not justify judgement and condemnation. There is a blame and counter by teachers and students but the bottom line is plagiarism is plagiarism. Today learning is intensive and cumbersome and most students had find it hard to match the pace and hence plagiarism. Conclusion Although we are teaching academic writing we cannot discount the cultural context. It invigorates the writing because is connected to the writers identity informing the writers voice -and yes it can be incorporated in to academic writing. Free writing should allow cultural context to serve as the true and comfortable setting in which second language students could get started in the process of writing a personal essay or research paper. [5] When people do research and writing they do it in their character and nature and the work cannot be separate from themselves. All people live and work in communities that influence their thinking and actions and so when writing in their true self their work will be more original. When writing from second language and culture, under strict guidelines and limits and the objective of teaching and learning is defeated by just fulfilling the purpose. There is a reason to demystify plagiarism by teaching students those engaging in research and writing a bout it, and the basic academic law of education is character. There is need for continuous and genuine conversation by all institutions on the standards, punishment, and modes of plagiarism as new method and techniques evolve with technological advancement. Schools and universities need to engage parents and guardians since plagiarism is vice that is academic and moral. The question of self-plagiarism and miss-use of resources, or a typology and its punishment will be there today and as long as there is writing and research. The new trends in plagiarism and its rise is a challenge to all institutions of learning and there is need to teach plagiarism and good academic morals as a mission. Bibliography Blum, Susan D. My Word ! ,New York :Cornell University Press, 2009. Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss. Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-Up Call: A Wake-Up Call. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 2000. .eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed March 9, 2017). Harris, Robert A. The Plagiarism, Handbook Los Angelas: Pyrczack publishing, 2001. Desena, Laura H. Preventing Plagiarism, Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 2007 [1] Blum, Susan D. My Word ! New York (Cornell University Press, 2009)12-13 [2] Acts 19: 14-16 (ESV) [3] Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss. Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-Up Call: A Wake-Up Call. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 2000. .eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed March 9, 2017). [4] Harris, Robert A. The Plagiarism Handbook ( Los Angelas: Pyrczack publishing, 2001) ,23 [5] Desena, Laura H. Preventing Plagiarism (Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 2007 ),105.

Probation and Electronic Monitoring Essay -- essays research papers

I am doing this paper on electronic monitoring. I am doing this paper because I need a paper to write for you and this is the page I opened to in the book to get the idea. No, really because I believe that electronic monitoring is a terrific way to police probation and parolees when probation and parole officers are so severely overworked. By not having to check in on the offenders as much, because at any time we can hit a button and know exactly where they are, or be notified instantly when they are somewhere they shouldn’t be, it would be a lot easier on probation and parole officers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic monitoring is a good idea and should be used more. The advances in technology can be very useful in community corrections. Implementing GPS technology into these el...